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In linguistics, prosody (from Ancient Greek προσῳδία ''prosōidía'' (:prosɔː(i)díaː), "song sung to music; tone or accent of a syllable") is concerned with those elements of speech that are not individual phonetic segments (vowels and consonants) but are properties of syllables and larger units of speech. These contribute to linguistic functions such as intonation, tone, stress, and rhythm. Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance: the emotional state of the speaker; the form of the utterance (statement, question, or command); the presence of irony or sarcasm; emphasis, contrast, and focus; or other elements of language that may not be encoded by grammar or by choice of vocabulary. ==Attributes of prosody== In the study of prosodic aspects of speech it is usual to distinguish between auditory measures (subjective impressions produced in the mind of the listener) and acoustic measures (physical properties of the sound wave that may be measured objectively). Auditory and acoustic measures of prosody do not correspond in a linear way. The majority of studies of prosody have been based on auditory analysis using auditory scales. There is no agreed number of prosodic variables. In auditory terms, the major variables are *the pitch of the voice (varying between low and high) *length of sounds (varying between short and long) *loudness, or prominence (varying between soft and loud) *timbre (quality of sound) in acoustic terms, these correspond reasonably closely to *fundamental frequency (measured in hertz, or cycles per second) *duration (measured in time units such as milliseconds or seconds) *intensity, or sound pressure level (measured in decibels) *spectral characteristics (distribution of energy at different parts of the audible frequency range) Different combinations of these variables are exploited in the linguistic functions of intonation and stress, as well as other prosodic features such as rhythm, tempo and loudness.〔 Additional prosodic variables have been studied, including voice quality and pausing. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Prosody (linguistics)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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